I'll touch on some of the easy ones since I don't use the others in my work
with Excel: IF, AND, OR, macros
IF AND OR
These are (some of) your decision makers.
Examples for IF: you need to make a price decision based on a quantity
purchased; need to convert numeric values to letters [as with class grades];
testing for error conditions in formulas to help keep the spreadsheet 'neat
and clean'; validation of a value prior to performing a calculation.
AND and OR go along with IF to provide the ability to use multiple
conditions to base a decision on. Lets say you give a 10% price break for
quantities over 100 OR for any quantity if a purchaser is an OEM purchasing
from you, the IF(OR()...) As for AND - one I see right now: testing to see
if a value is within a range or not.
MACROs - any time you find you need to do something that can't be done with
worksheet functions, such as adding/deleting rows/columns or automatically
hiding/displaying rows/columns; validating data in multiple areas of the
workbook before taking some action as saving/printing; creating a new user
defined function to perform a special operation; working with UserForms; to
perform an often used procedure such as adding and setting up a new sheet in
a workbook; to cause an action to take place in response to input as perhaps
going to a specific cell after a predetermined value is entered in some other
location. Or, if you're like me and just better at coding than with
worksheet functions, whenever the urge comes over you.
Hope this gives you some ideas for those areas.