You need the Actual Work columns and Remaining Work columns.
Presumably by 'calendar' you mean the time-phased portion of the display
on the right. Project would fill that in because that is what it is
meant to do.
Rather than tracking by means of the columns you refer to above, I would
track by entering the actual work in the corresponding field on the
'calendar' part of the display.
If you right click on that part of the display, you can add the Work,
Actual Work and Remaining Work rows for each task.
Then if you right click on the date bars at the top of the screen you
can set the date display to be of a granularity that is useful to you.
Now you can enter the work that has been completed against the day/week/
month in which it took place.